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- ItemOpen AccessGoverning Europe's forests for multiple ecosystem services: Opportunities, challenges, and policy option(Elsevier, 2022) Winkel, Georg; Lovríc, Marko; Muys, Bart; Katila, Pia; Lundhede, Thomas; Pecurul-Botines, Mireia; Pettenella, Davide; Pipart, Nathalie; Plieninger, Tobias; Prokofieva, Irina; Parra, Constanza; Pülzl, Helga; Roitsch, Dennis; Roux, Jeanne-Lazya; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Tyrväinen, Liisa; Torralba, Mario; Vacik, Harald; Weiss, Gerhard; Wunder, Sven; Harald Vacik; Gerhard Weiss; Sven WunderEurope’s forest provide multiple ecosystem services for societies, ranging from provisioning (e.g. wood) and regulating (e.g. climate mitigation and biodiversity) to cultural (e.g. recreation) services. In this paper, we assess the state and prospects of forest ecosystem services provision in Europe, introducing new data from the European collaborative research projects SINCERE, NOBEL and CLEARING HOUSE, and combining it with findings from the literature. We identify six challenges (1 an insufficient alignment of FES supply and demand, 2 lacking policy integration, 3 ambiguous and conflicting regulatory frameworks, 4 a lack of precise information on FES demand and provision, and innovations to align both, 5 an increasing pressure to adapt to climate change, and 6 a striking diversity constraining European level policy solutions) and three opportunities (1 increasingly heterogenous forest owner objectives potentially matching pluralistic societal demands, 2 diversifying forest enterprises levering innovations in regulating and cultural ecosystem services provision, and 3 the potential of forests to mitigate climate change). Subsequently, we introduce four distinct but complimentary policy pathways for European forest policy to better align forest ecosystem services provision and demand: 1 Better monitoring of FES supply and demand, 2 Enhanced policy integration, 3 Payments for ecosystem services, and 4 Bottom-up participation and learning among ecosystem services innovators. We conclude by emphasizing the momentum that the EU Green Deal unfolds for a future European forest policy to incentivise the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services.
- ItemOpen AccessProtect European green agricultural policies for future food security(Nature Publishing Group, 2022) Morales, Manuel B.; Díaz, Mario; Giralt, David; Sardà-Palomera, Francesc; Traba, Juan; Mougeot, François; Serrano, David; Mañosa, Santi; Gaba, Sabrina; Moreira, Francisco; Pärt, Tomas; Concepción, Elena D.; Tarjuelo, Rocío; Arroyo, Beatriz; Bota, GerardEuropean green agricultural policies have been relaxed to allow cultivation of fallow land to produce animal feed and meet shortfalls in exports from Ukraine and Russia. However, conversion of semi-natural habitats will disproportionately impact long term biodiversity and food security.
- ItemOpen AccessThe fall of the summer truffle: Recurring hot, dry summersresult in declining fruitbody production of Tuber aestivum inCentral Europe(Wiley, 2022) Steidinger, Brian S.; Büntgen, Ulf; Stobbe, Uli; Tegel, Willy; Sproll, Ludger; Haeni, Matthias; Moser, Barbara; Bagi, István; Bonet Lledos, José Antonio; Buée, Marc; Dauphin, Benjamin; Martínez-Peña, Fernando; Molinier, Virginie; Zweifel, Roman; Egli, Simon; Peter, MartinaGlobal warming is pushing populations outside their range of physiological tolerance. According to the environmental envelope framework, the most vulnerable populations occur near the climatic edge of their species' distributions. In contrast, populations from the climatic center of the species range should be relatively buffered against climate warming. We tested this latter prediction using a combination of linear mixed effects and machine learning algorithms on an extensive, citizen-scientist generated dataset on the fruitbody productivity of the Burgundy (aka summer) truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.), a keystone, ectomycorrhizal tree-symbiont occurring on a wide range of temperate climates. T. aestivum's fruitbody productivity was monitored at 3-week resolution over up to 8 continuous years at 20 sites distributed in the climatic center of its European distribution in southwest Germany and Switzerland. We found that T. aestivum fruitbody production is more sensitive to summer drought than would be expected from the breadth of its species' climatic niche. The monitored populations occurring nearly 5°C colder than the edge of their species' climatic distribution. However, interannual fruitbody productivity (truffle mass year−1) fell by a median loss of 22% for every 1°C increase in summer temperature over a site's 30-year mean. Among the most productive monitored populations, the temperature sensitivity was even higher, with single summer temperature anomalies of 3°C sufficient to stop fruitbody production altogether. Interannual truffle productivity was also related to the phenology of host trees, with ~22 g less truffle mass for each 1-day reduction in the length of the tree growing season. Increasing summer drought extremes are therefore likely to reduce fruiting among summer truffle populations throughout Central Europe. Our results suggest that European T. aestivum may be a mosaic of vulnerable populations, sensitive to climate-driven declines at lower thresholds than implied by its species distribution model.
- ItemOpen AccessDesign and Validation of qPCR-Specific Primers for Quantification of the Marketed Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa in Soil(MDPI, 2022) Arenas, Francisco; Morte, Asunción; Navarro-Ródenas, AlfonsoDesert truffle crop is a pioneer in southeastern Spain, a region where native edible hypogeous fungi are adapted to the semiarid areas with low annual rainfall. Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first species of desert truffle to be cultivated, and has been increasing in recent years as an alternative rainfed crop in the Iberian Peninsula. However, its behaviour in the field has yet not been investigated. For this purpose, specific primers were designed for the soil DNA quantification of both T. claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa and a real-time qPCR protocol was developed, using the ITS rDNA region as a target. Moreover, a young desert truffle orchard was sampled for environmental validation. The results showed the highest efficiency for the TerclaF3/TerclaR1 primers pair, 89%, and the minimal fungal biomass that could be reliable detected was set at 4.23 µg mycelium/g soil. The spatial distribution of fungal biomass was heterogeneous, and there was not a direct relationship between the quantity of winter soil mycelium and the location/productivity of desert truffles. This protocol could be applied to tracking these species in soil and understand their mycelial dynamics in plantations and wild areas.
- ItemOpen AccessForecasting wildfire-induced declines in potential forest harvest levels across Québec(Canadian Science Publishing, 2023) Bouchard, Mathieu; Aquilué, Núria; Filotas, Élise; Boucherd, Jonathan; Parisien, Marc-AndréWildfires are increasing in importance in many regions of the Canadian boreal forest and are an ongoing risk for forest management activities. We simulated the effects of fires on long-term harvest levels on the 59 forest management units of the province of Québec, Canada, for the 2020–2100 period. Different climate change pathways (stable, RCP 4.5 or 8.5) and salvage logging rates (20% or 70% of mature burned stands) were simulated. Changes in forest flammability due to climate change, species migration, and forest management were also considered. Under stable climatic conditions, the decline in potential harvest levels due to fire, based on 50 simulations per scenario, ranged between 3% and 33% (mean=11%) when high salvage logging rates weresimulated,comparedto6%–45%(mean=20%)forlowsalvagerates.Climatechangecausedincreasesinburn rates between −3% and 39% for RCP 4.5 and between 33% and 69%for RCP8.5 at the end of the 21st century, depending on fire zones. However, the effects of these modified burn rates on harvest levels did not differ substantially from those of baseline burn rates, probably because the projected burn rates were highest during the later part of the simulations (2070–2100), when their impacts on harvest level calculations were limited. This study indicates that potential harvest levels calculated without considering wildfires are likely to be non-sustainable.